> calculation really seems to be dependent on PHYSICAL > layout as well as logical dependency. > Definitely. I once took a sheet from a client which was laid out to look nice when it was printed. This resulted in a complete mess of linked cells all over the sheet. It involved two circular references, one nested inside the other and took 2 minutes to recalculate. I physically reorganised it so that each cell only depended on the cells to their top/left, apart from the two cells containing the circular ref. This alone reduced the calculation time to 20 seconds. It was then very easy to identify calculations that were inside the circular refs, but were not really needed there. Stripping these out made it possible to remove the internal circular ref entirely (replacing it with a set of straight-through calculations). The result was a much neater set of calulations which took 3 seconds to calculate (which included four iterations on average). We were also then free to redesign the report, which was no longer constrained by the need to include all the calculations - we could just pick and choose parts of the calculations to display on a separate, linked, sheet. Good luck Stephen Bullen Microsoft MVP - Excel http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Stephen_Bullen